How Do Solar Panels Power My Home?

Harnessing the Power of the Sun

Solar energy has become an increasingly popular energy source for homes across North America. The rapid adoption of solar panels over the past few decades underscores this trend. 

Recent surveys reveal that 8% of U.S. homeowners have installed solar panel systems, and an additional 39% are seriously considering it. The Solar Energy Industries Association (SEIA) estimates that solar will account for 64% of all new electricity generation added to the U.S. grid by the third quarter of 2024. U.S. solar currently produces enough electricity to power more than 37 million homes each year. Several factors drive this surge in solar adoption, including declining solar component prices, advancements in solar technology, grid improvements, increased government incentives, and heightened interest in energy resilience due to weather-related disruptions.

So, what does this mean for homeowners?

As interest in solar energy solutions grows, homeowners are eager to understand how solar panels work. This article breaks down the basics of solar energy production and the components that comprise a complete residential solar system.

How Solar Energy is Produced

The sun emits massive amounts of energy as electromagnetic radiation, which reaches Earth in the form of sunlight particles called photons. These photons are captured by solar cells embedded in solar panel modules and converted into usable electricity.

This conversion process is known as the photovoltaic (PV) effect. When photons from the sun interact with a solar cell, they excite electrons, creating a voltage. Metal contacts attached to the solar cells enable this voltage to generate a current within a circuit, producing usable electricity. This chemical and physical process forms the foundation of photovoltaic solar technology.

Components and Functionality of Solar Panels

A solar panel is composed of multiple individual solar cells, with approximately 95% made from silicon—a material known for its ability to absorb sunlight and convert it into electricity. Solar cells are constructed with two specially treated layers of silicon that form an electric field at their junction. This field captures energy and generates voltage, which metal contacts (wires, metal plates, or printed metal sheets) then transmit to an electrical circuit.

The generated electricity is directed to an inverter, which converts the electricity from direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC) used in North American households.

Key Solar Panel Components:

1. Aluminum Frame: Protects the panel and provides structural support.
2. Tempered Glass: Shields internal components while enhancing durability and lifespan.
3. Encapsulation Material (EVA): Provides environmental protection for solar cells.
4. Solar Cells: Generate electricity via the photovoltaic effect.
5. Backsheet: Protects the rear of the panel from environmental damage.

High-quality panels, such as those in the iFORWAY Solar series, include an anti-reflective coating that enhances sunlight absorption. These panels are designed to endure harsh weather conditions, including hail and strong winds, for over 25 years.

Designing Your Residential Solar System

A complete residential solar system consists of more than just solar panels. Since panels generate DC electricity, a solar inverter is required to convert DC to AC for household use. The AC electricity is then distributed to your home’s electrical panel, powering appliances and electronics.

Grid-Tied vs. Off-Grid Systems

The most common residential solar setup is a grid-tied system, which connects directly to the local utility grid. In contrast, off-grid systems operate independently of the grid. In certain regions, homeowners with grid-tied systems can benefit from net metering policies, where excess energy produced by their panels is credited or purchased by utility companies. Certified solar installers will provide up-to-date information on local policies, incentives, and financing options.

Rooftop vs. Ground-Mounted Systems

Residential solar panels can be installed on rooftops or ground-mounted systems. Both options require durable structures to secure the panels and withstand environmental conditions like wind and hail. Roof-mounted systems are typically tilted toward the south for optimal sunlight capture, while ground-mounted systems can include tracking mechanisms that follow the sun’s movement throughout the day. Many homeowners choose to integrate battery storage into their systems to provide backup power during nighttime, grid outages, or inclement weather.

Maximizing Your Solar Investment

Today, solar energy can power an entire household, but selecting the right panels, components, and installer is crucial to ensuring your system operates efficiently for decades. Understanding how solar energy works and the types of systems available empowers you to make informed decisions tailored to your energy needs.

Investing in solar energy is not just about reducing electricity bills—it’s a step toward energy independence, contributing to a more sustainable future, and reducing your carbon footprint. With the right system, you can harness the power of the sun and enjoy reliable energy for years to come.